Python list 常用操作
Python list 常用操作
1.list 定义
>>> li = ["a", "b", "mpilgrim", "z", "example"] >>> li [‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘mpilgrim‘, ‘z‘, ‘example‘] >>> li[1] ‘b‘
1.list 负数索引
>>> li [‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘mpilgrim‘, ‘z‘, ‘example‘] >>> li[-1] ‘example‘ >>> li[-3] ‘mpilgrim‘ >>> li [‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘mpilgrim‘, ‘z‘, ‘example‘] >>> li[1:3] [‘b‘, ‘mpilgrim‘] >>> li[1:-1] [‘b‘, ‘mpilgrim‘, ‘z‘] >>> li[0:3] [‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘mpilgrim‘]
3.list 增加元素
>>> li [‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘mpilgrim‘, ‘z‘, ‘example‘] >>> li.append("new") >>> li [‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘mpilgrim‘, ‘z‘, ‘example‘, ‘new‘] >>> li.insert(2, "new") >>> li [‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘new‘, ‘mpilgrim‘, ‘z‘, ‘example‘, ‘new‘] >>> li.extend(["two", "elements"]) >>> li [‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘new‘, ‘mpilgrim‘, ‘z‘, ‘example‘, ‘new‘, ‘two‘, ‘elements‘]
4.list 搜索
>>> li [‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘new‘, ‘mpilgrim‘, ‘z‘, ‘example‘, ‘new‘, ‘two‘, ‘elements‘] >>> li.index("example") 5 >>> li.index("new") 2 >>> li.index("c") Traceback (innermost last): File "<interactive input>", line 1, in ? ValueError: list.index(x): x not in list >>> "c" in li False
5.list 删除元素
>>> li [‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘new‘, ‘mpilgrim‘, ‘z‘, ‘example‘, ‘new‘, ‘two‘, ‘elements‘] >>> li.remove("z") >>> li [‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘new‘, ‘mpilgrim‘, ‘example‘, ‘new‘, ‘two‘, ‘elements‘] >>> li.remove("new") # 删除首次出现的一个值 >>> li [‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘mpilgrim‘, ‘example‘, ‘new‘, ‘two‘, ‘elements‘] # 第二个 ‘new‘ 未删除 >>> li.remove("c") #list 中没有找到值, Python 会引发一个异常 Traceback (innermost last): File "<interactive input>", line 1, in ? ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list >>> li.pop() # pop 会做两件事: 删除 list 的最后一个元素, 然后返回删除元素的值。 ‘elements‘ >>> li [‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘mpilgrim‘, ‘example‘, ‘new‘, ‘two‘]
6.list 运算符
>>> li = [‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘mpilgrim‘] >>> li = li + [‘example‘, ‘new‘] >>> li [‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘mpilgrim‘, ‘example‘, ‘new‘] >>> li += [‘two‘] >>> li [‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘mpilgrim‘, ‘example‘, ‘new‘, ‘two‘] >>> li = [1, 2] * 3 >>> li [1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2]
7.使用join链接list成为字符串
>>> params = {"server":"mpilgrim", "database":"master", "uid":"sa", "pwd":"secret"} >>> ["%s=%s" % (k, v) for k, v in params.items()] [‘server=mpilgrim‘, ‘uid=sa‘, ‘database=master‘, ‘pwd=secret‘] >>> ";".join(["%s=%s" % (k, v) for k, v in params.items()]) ‘server=mpilgrim;uid=sa;database=master;pwd=secret‘
join 只能用于元素是字符串的 list; 它不进行任何的类型强制转换。连接一个存在一个或多个非字符串元素的 list 将引发一个异常。
8.list 分割字符串
>>> li = [‘server=mpilgrim‘, ‘uid=sa‘, ‘database=master‘, ‘pwd=secret‘] >>> s = ";".join(li) >>> s ‘server=mpilgrim;uid=sa;database=master;pwd=secret‘ >>> s.split(";") [‘server=mpilgrim‘, ‘uid=sa‘, ‘database=master‘, ‘pwd=secret‘] >>> s.split(";", 1) [‘server=mpilgrim‘, ‘uid=sa;database=master;pwd=secret‘]
split 与 join 正好相反, 它将一个字符串分割成多元素 list。
注意, 分隔符 (";") 被完全去掉了, 它没有在返回的 list 中的任意元素中出现。
split 接受一个可选的第二个参数, 它是要分割的次数。
9.list 的映射解析
>>> li = [1, 9, 8, 4] >>> [elem*2 for elem in li] [2, 18, 16, 8] >>> li [1, 9, 8, 4] >>> li = [elem*2 for elem in li] >>> li [2, 18, 16, 8]
10.dictionary中的解析
>>> params = {"server":"mpilgrim", "database":"master", "uid":"sa", "pwd":"secret"} >>> params.keys() [‘server‘, ‘uid‘, ‘database‘, ‘pwd‘] >>> params.values() [‘mpilgrim‘, ‘sa‘, ‘master‘, ‘secret‘] >>> params.items() [(‘server‘, ‘mpilgrim‘), (‘uid‘, ‘sa‘), (‘database‘, ‘master‘), (‘pwd‘, ‘secret‘)] >>> [k for k, v in params.items()] [‘server‘, ‘uid‘, ‘database‘, ‘pwd‘] >>> [v for k, v in params.items()] [‘mpilgrim‘, ‘sa‘, ‘master‘, ‘secret‘] >>> ["%s=%s" % (k, v) for k, v in params.items()] [‘server=mpilgrim‘, ‘uid=sa‘, ‘database=master‘, ‘pwd=secret‘]
11.list 过滤
>>> li = ["a", "mpilgrim", "foo", "b", "c", "b", "d", "d"] >>> [elem for elem in li if len(elem) > 1] [‘mpilgrim‘, ‘foo‘] >>> [elem for elem in li if elem != "b"] [‘a‘, ‘mpilgrim‘, ‘foo‘, ‘c‘, ‘d‘, ‘d‘] >>> [elem for elem in li if li.count(elem) == 1] [‘a‘, ‘mpilgrim‘, ‘foo‘, ‘c‘]